Turkey is a land rich in history, where ancient civilizations have left their mark in the form of stunning architecture, intricate artifacts, and remarkable archaeological sites. Among these treasures are the ancient underground cities that lie beneath the surface, often hidden from view. These subterranean marvels offer a glimpse into the ingenuity of past societies that sought refuge and safety from invasions and harsh weather. This article will explore some of Turkey’s most fascinating underground cities, their history, and why they should be on every traveler’s itinerary.
A Brief History of Turkey’s Underground Cities
The ancient underground cities of Turkey are primarily found in the Cappadocia region, known for its unique geological formations, including fairy chimneys and rock-cut architecture. The history of these underground cities dates back to the Hittites around 1200 BCE, but they were extensively expanded during the Byzantine era. As threats from invading armies increased, communities sought protection below the ground. These cities were not only designed for refuge but also featured complex living quarters, storage rooms, kitchens, and places of worship, showcasing the resourcefulness of their inhabitants.
The Most Notable Underground Cities
Derinkuyu
Derinkuyu is perhaps the most famous underground city in Turkey, reaching depths of approximately 60 meters (197 feet) and capable of accommodating around 20,000 people. This astonishing city boasts 18 levels, with each level serving a specific purpose, including living quarters, stables, wine and oil presses, and even a school. Derinkuyu’s sophisticated ventilation system allowed fresh air to circulate throughout the city, ensuring that its inhabitants could live comfortably underground for extended periods.
Visitors to Derinkuyu can explore the intricate network of tunnels, some of which are wide enough for two people to walk side by side. As you wander through its ancient corridors, take note of the stone doors that could be rolled into place to seal off sections of the city during attacks. The historical significance and architectural brilliance of Derinkuyu make it a must-visit site for anyone traveling to Turkey.
Kaymakli
Located just a short distance from Derinkuyu, Kaymakli is another remarkable underground city that spans eight levels, although only four are open to visitors. This city is notable for its expansive layout, with wide tunnels and spacious rooms carved into volcanic rock. The design of Kaymakli includes communal areas, kitchens, and storage rooms for grain and supplies.
One of the most fascinating features of Kaymakli is its unique ventilation system, which consists of numerous shafts that bring fresh air into the underground chambers. This innovative design allowed residents to live underground for extended periods, highlighting the engineering prowess of the ancient inhabitants. As you explore Kaymakli, don’t miss the opportunity to view the large stone wheels that were used to block entrances during times of danger.
Özkonak
Özkonak is a lesser-known underground city, but it offers a captivating experience for those willing to venture off the beaten path. This city features a more compact design than its larger counterparts, with approximately 10 levels, some of which are still not fully excavated. Özkonak is unique in its extensive use of communication tunnels, allowing residents to send messages between different levels during times of crisis.
The city is equipped with a variety of amenities, including living quarters, wine production areas, and even a church. The most striking aspect of Özkonak is its ingenious defensive mechanisms, such as stone blocks that could be maneuvered to seal off entrances, ensuring the safety of its inhabitants. Exploring this underground city provides a fascinating glimpse into the daily lives of those who once sought refuge below the surface.
The Significance of the Underground Cities
The underground cities of Turkey serve as a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of ancient civilizations. They were not just places of refuge; they represented entire communities with complex social structures, economies, and cultures. These cities played a crucial role in the survival of their inhabitants during tumultuous periods, allowing them to endure invasions and natural disasters.
Visiting these underground cities provides insight into the historical and cultural significance of Turkey. Travelers can immerse themselves in the rich history of the region while marveling at the incredible engineering and architectural achievements of the ancient world.
Visiting the Underground Cities
When planning a visit to the underground cities of Turkey, it’s essential to consider a few practical tips. Most of the major cities, such as Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, are easily accessible from the towns of Göreme and Nevşehir. Guided tours are available and highly recommended, as they provide valuable insights into the history and significance of each site.
Wear comfortable shoes, as exploring these underground cities involves navigating uneven terrain and narrow passageways. Be prepared for varying temperatures; while it can be cool underground, it may be warm on the surface. Don’t forget to bring a camera to capture the unique beauty of these hidden wonders!
Conclusion
Exploring the ancient underground cities of Turkey is a journey into a hidden world that reveals the remarkable history and ingenuity of its past inhabitants. From the vast and intricate networks of Derinkuyu to the compact yet fascinating Özkonak, each underground city offers a unique glimpse into the lives of those who sought safety and community below the ground. As you plan your travels in Turkey, be sure to include these extraordinary sites on your itinerary, and prepare to be amazed by the hidden treasures that lie beneath the surface.
