Cappadocia, known for its unique rock formations and breathtaking hot air balloon rides, holds another secret beneath its surface—the ancient underground cities of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli. These mysterious cities, carved deep into the soft volcanic rock, offer a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the early inhabitants of the region. In this guide, we’ll explore how to visit and navigate these incredible underground worlds.
What Are Cappadocia’s Underground Cities?
Cappadocia’s underground cities are a network of subterranean structures used by the region’s people for thousands of years. These cities served as shelter from invasions, extreme weather, and other threats. With rooms for living, storage, and even worship, these underground marvels show the ingenuity of ancient civilizations.
The two most popular and well-preserved underground cities are Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, both located just a short drive from Göreme, Cappadocia’s main tourist hub. They are not just small caves; they are extensive complexes with tunnels, staircases, and rooms that go deep into the earth.
Derinkuyu Underground City
A Brief History of Derinkuyu
Derinkuyu is the largest of the discovered underground cities in Cappadocia. It is believed to have been built during the Byzantine era and expanded over time to accommodate more people. At its height, Derinkuyu could shelter up to 20,000 people, including their livestock and supplies. The city has multiple levels, some as deep as 85 meters (279 feet).
Exploring Derinkuyu: What to Expect
When you enter Derinkuyu, you’re stepping into a maze of tunnels and chambers. The city has several floors, each serving a different purpose. Some of the most interesting spots to explore include:
The Ventilation Shaft
One of the most impressive features of Derinkuyu is its ventilation system. The vertical shaft ensures fresh air flows through the underground city, even reaching the deepest levels. This shaft was also used as a communication tool between floors.
Communal Areas and Kitchens
As you wander deeper into Derinkuyu, you’ll come across communal rooms where people gathered to eat, socialize, and work. There are also ancient kitchens with carved-out niches for ovens and food storage.
Stables and Storage Rooms
The city also had dedicated areas for livestock and storage. These spaces were vital for sustaining life underground, especially during prolonged stays when people were hiding from danger.
Tips for Visiting Derinkuyu
- Wear comfortable shoes: You’ll be walking up and down steep stairs and navigating narrow passageways.
- Mind the space: Some tunnels are tight and may require you to bend down.
- Guided tours: Consider hiring a guide to fully understand the history and function of each section of the city.
- Best time to visit: Mornings are usually less crowded, so aim to visit early.
Kaymakli Underground City
A Brief History of Kaymakli
Kaymakli is another well-known underground city in Cappadocia, located just 10 kilometers from Derinkuyu. Although not as deep as Derinkuyu, Kaymakli is more spread out and has eight floors, though only four are open to the public.
Kaymakli is believed to have been used for the same purposes as Derinkuyu—shelter during times of war and invasion. The city is connected by a series of tunnels that are slightly wider than those in Derinkuyu, making it a bit easier to navigate.
Exploring Kaymakli: What to Expect
The layout of Kaymakli is different from Derinkuyu. While the tunnels are still narrow, the rooms are often more spacious. Here are some key spots to explore:
Living Spaces and Storage Rooms
The rooms in Kaymakli were used as living spaces and storage areas. You’ll see areas where food was stored, as well as small niches in the walls used for various purposes.
Wine Cellars and Kitchens
One unique feature of Kaymakli is the presence of wine cellars. The city’s inhabitants produced and stored wine here, a significant part of their daily life. You’ll also find kitchens similar to those in Derinkuyu, complete with ovens and storage spaces.
Churches and Religious Areas
Kaymakli has several areas that were used for worship, including small chapels. Religion played a big role in the lives of the people who lived here, and these spaces served as places of spiritual refuge.
Tips for Visiting Kaymakli
- Choose the right time: Like Derinkuyu, visiting early in the day helps avoid the crowds.
- Photography: While flash photography is usually allowed, make sure to capture the details of the rock-carved architecture.
- Combine your visit: If you have time, consider visiting both Derinkuyu and Kaymakli in one day, as they are located close to each other.
How to Get to Derinkuyu and Kaymakli
Both Derinkuyu and Kaymakli are located around 30-35 kilometers south of Göreme, the main tourist hub in Cappadocia. You can easily reach these underground cities by car, taxi, or on an organized tour.
By Car
Renting a car is a convenient way to explore Cappadocia. Both underground cities are well signposted and accessible by paved roads. There’s ample parking available at both locations.
By Guided Tour
Several tour companies in Cappadocia offer guided tours that combine both underground cities, along with other nearby attractions like Ihlara Valley or the Selime Monastery. These tours usually include transportation and a knowledgeable guide.
By Public Transport
Local minibusses, known as dolmuş, travel between Göreme and Derinkuyu or Kaymakli. However, public transport might be less flexible than renting a car or joining a tour.
Final Tips for Exploring Cappadocia’s Underground Cities
- Bring a jacket: Even in the summer, it can get chilly underground.
- Stay hydrated: It’s easy to forget to drink water while exploring, so carry a bottle with you.
- Claustrophobia warning: If you’re claustrophobic, consider your comfort level before entering, as some tunnels are very narrow and can feel confining.
Conclusion
Exploring Cappadocia’s underground cities of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli is like stepping back in time. These ancient, hidden worlds are not only architectural wonders but also a testament to the resilience of the people who once called them home. With careful planning, comfortable shoes, and a sense of adventure, you can uncover the secrets of these incredible underground cities and make your Cappadocia trip unforgettable.
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